| Abstract | Rapid industrialization, urbanization, and changing consumption patterns have led to a dramatic
increase in waste generation across the globe. From household garbage and food waste to industrial
by-products, plastic pollution and electronic waste, the volume of waste produced today poses serious
threats to environmental sustainability, public health, and economic stability. Recognizing this
challenge, the United Nations included waste reduction as a core component of Sustainable
Development Goal 12 (SDG 12). One of the key targets of this goal is to substantially reduce waste
generation through prevention, reduction, recycling, and reuse. This target emphasizes shifting
away from the traditional “take–make–dispose” model toward a circular economy, where resources
are used efficiently, waste is minimized, and materials remain in use for as long as possible.
Achieving this goal requires collective efforts from governments, industries, communities, and
individuals.
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