| Abstract | Abstract
Digital technologies have become essential for participation in education,
employment, governance, and social life. Despite rapid digital expansion, a
considerable section of the population remains digitally excluded due to
persistent socio-economic inequalities. This study examines the major socioeconomic determinants that contribute to digital exclusion, including income
inequality, educational attainment, digital literacy, employment status,
geographical location, gender, age, and social class. Individuals from
economically disadvantaged backgrounds often face limited access to digital
devices and reliable internet connectivity, while low levels of education and
digital skills restrict effective technology use. Rural populations continue to
experience infrastructural deficits that widen the digital divide. Additionally,
socio-cultural norms and generational differences further influence patterns
of technology adoption. The study emphasizes that digital exclusion is not
merely a technological issue but a socio-economic one. Addressing these
determinants through inclusive digital policies, affordable connectivity,
digital literacy initiatives, and infrastructure development is essential to
ensure equitable digital participation and sustainable socio-economic
development.
Keywords : Socio-economic determinants, Digital exclusion, Income
inequality, Educational attainment, Digital literacy, Rural–urban divide,
Social inclusion, Digital inequality,
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