| Abstract | The last-mile connectivity gap remains one of the most persistent
technological challenges worldwide. While urban areas enjoy fast
broadband and robust network coverage, rural and remote regions suffer
from slow, unreliable, or unavailable internet access. Hardware limitations,
infrastructure gaps, high costs, and complex terrains widen the digital
divide. This document examines major barriers in last-mile connectivity with
emphasis on hardware issues, infrastructure constraints, user limitations,
and deployment challenges. It also highlights emerging technologies such as
wireless mesh networks, 5G, satellite internet, fiber-to-the-home (FTTH),
low-power IoT devices, and renewable-powered communication systems that
provide novel solutions.
Keywords : Last-mile connectivity, digital divide, hardware limitations,
rural networks
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